Research Infrastructures

Skill training and simulation of a real hospital ward that can be adapted to multiple training scenarios

Cross disciplinary lab, focus on social conditions, human behaviour and learning

From basic to applied research in a broad spectrum of areas (health, education, law, society, etc)

Includes various laboratories within robotics, PLC, drones, electronics, medical technology

Includes tissue culture and zebra fish laboratories, as well as instrumentation for flow cytometry, sequencing

SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, Cathodoluminescence microscopy, etc.

X-ray diffraction, core laboratory, thin section and milling lab, mineral separation, data and geomodelling, etc.

Includes NMR spectroscopy, respirometry, mass spectrometry, chromatography, etc

Thermogravimetry, and various testing equipment (tensile, compression, impact, hardness, etc)

Includes mechanical and wood workshops, 3D-printing, concrete and road building laboratories

In addition to using geothermal energy to produce and distribute heating and cooling to the entire campus, the Energy Central functions as a real-time laboratory for optimization of geothermal energy technology

BRUKER 600 MHz UltraShieldTM with AVANCE II+ console - AVAILABLE PROBES: 5 mm TXI 1H/13C/15N/D, Z-gradient (CryoProbe) 5 mm TBI 1H/13C/BB/D, Z-gradient ACCESSORIES: SAMPLECASE cooled sample exchanger BCU II unit for temperature control

The IX85 microscope with ScanR provides fully automated widefield fluorescence and brightfield imaging, motorized XY/Z control, hardware autofocus, multichannel LED excitation and environmental incubation for long‑term live‑cell imaging. Integrated high‑content acquisition and AI‑based analysis enable rapid, reproducible multidimensional imaging for advanced screening workflows

VS200 slide scanner provides automated high‑throughput brightfield and fluorescence imaging with a 120‑slide loader, advanced autofocus, multichannel LED illumination and sCMOS detection. It delivers fast, high‑resolution whole‑slide digitization with automatic tissue detection, enabling reliable imaging of biological and geological samples

Multipurpose X-ray diffractometer with copper microfocus source, centric eulerian cradle and multi-mode hybrid photon-counter detector, for microdiffraction, thin film analysis and diffraction in transmission geometry.

In-solution biophysical characterization. Measurements: size, hydrodynamic radius (Rh, range 0.5 nm-500nm), Binding Related Intensity Change (BRIC). Fluorescence detection (280 or 480 nm) with temperature controls (4ºC to 55ºC) and minimal sample comsumption: nL to uL range

Spectral tecnology with 5 laser and 78 flourescence detectors and CellView Image

Nanocytometer with 6 high-sensitivity fluorescence detectors and 5 side scatter channels, that allows to detect nanoparticles between 40nm-1um. Four laser (405nm-488nm-561nm and 638nm) wich makes it a particularly powerful tool for analysis of Nanoparticles, viruses, liposomes,...)

High-resolution mass spectrometer with ion mobility (Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry (TIMS) – Time of Flight (TOF)), ESI and APCI ionisation sources.

7-Tesla MRI scanner with wideband transmit/receive RF channels supporting the following applications: - 1H, 19F and X nuclei with MR frequencies from 15 MHz to 31P - X-nucleus MRI/MRS with 1H decoupling (WALTZ, MLEV) - MRI/MRS with hyperpolarised nuclei (13C, 129Xe)

The Faculty of Process Engineering and Environmental Protection is the only academic unit in Poland and one of the few in Europe possessing a research installation for Rotating Packed Bed (RPB) apparatuses (rotating packed bed reactors). The central element of the apparatus is an RPB with 630 mm diameter and 200 mm height, equipped with a modular rotor allowing installation of packings with different diameters and heights, plus multiple inserts for studying various outer zone sizes. The machine's motor enables rotational speeds up to 3000 rpm. The gas line features a fan with capacity up to 200 m³/h and compressed CO₂ cylinders. The liquid phase is supplied via a gear pump with capacity up to 300 L/h. The entire installation is designed for processes using corrosive liquids. Gas bypassing of packing is prevented by a hydraulic seal at the outlet, providing 7500 Pa backpressure (equivalent to a 750 mm water column). The apparatus includes real-time absorption process monitoring sensors: three infrared sensors sampling gas before, after, and inside the unit for gas phase analysis; ATR-FTIR probe for liquid phase analysis at packing outlet and unit outlet; plus multiple temperature sensors for gas and liquid phases, and a differential pressure sensor for measuring gas flow resistance during the process.

The spray drying research installation owned by the Faculty of Process Engineering and Environmental Protection is likely the largest and best-equipped facility of its kind worldwide. The installation primarily includes: a drying tower with 0.5 m diameter and 8 m height, a feed solution/suspension/paste preparation system, mono pumps and high-pressure piston pumps, multiple atomization options (pressure/pneumatic), and a dried product separation system (cyclones/filters). The facility is equipped with advanced measurement systems enabling determination of: temperature distribution in the dryer, drying medium velocity (laser Doppler velocimetry and CTA), droplet/particle size distribution and velocity (laser meters and shadowgraphy), and gas humidity profiles (microseparator). This configuration allows research across a wide spectrum of process parameters (with up to 30 kg H₂O/h evaporation capacity) for various materials – e.g., laundry powders, sugars, yeasts, etc. All ~50 process parameters are controlled and recorded by the data acquisition and control system, enabling precise, repeatable research for process characterization, energy optimization, and product quality improvement.

Technical Specifications: Vertical goniometer in 2θ-θ configuration, angular accuracy 0.01°, X-ray tube with Cu anode, 2.2 kW power, water cooling, Kβ component elimination – graphite monochromator or Ni filter, primary and diffracted beam optics: programmable or fixed slits assembly for powder diffractometry (Bragg-Brentano geometry), scintillation detector, Bruker DIFFRACplus release 2002 software: EVA v. 8.0; QuanT v. 8.0; TopasP ver. 2.1.

Technical Specifications: Vertical goniometer in θ-θ configuration, independent θ and 2θ drives, angular accuracy 0.001°, ceramic X-ray tube with Cu anode, 2 kW power, "long fine focus" focal spot, Kβ component elimination – graphite monochromator or Ni filter, primary and diffracted beam optics: programmable or fixed slits assembly (Bragg-Brentano geometry), focusing mirror (transmission measurement), two detectors: gas and X'Celerator, Anton Paar XRK900 reaction chamber for measurements from 25 to 900°C with gas flow over sample or vacuum capability, 15-position automatic sample changer, PANanalytical software: X'Pert HighScore Plus, X'Pert Data Viewer, X'Pert Data Collector, LPA, ICDD PDF-2 database

Trace Element Analysis in liquid and solid samples (organic and inorganic, including biological, geological, and environmental materials). High precision and accuracy, low detection limits, wide concentration range, and capability for simultaneous multi-element analysis. Pulsed laser (e.g., neodymium Nd:YAG laser) enables direct introduction of solid samples into plasma (the result of high-energy laser beam interaction with solid material is evaporation and removal of material in the form of neutral atoms and molecules, as well as ions, from the exposed surface of the solid). LA-ICP-MS system is used for analyzing various solid materials (conductive and non-conductive) of different sizes and shapes, where the laser beam with extremely precise localization can be focused on a very small sample surface, and the vaporized particles are immediately analyzed. Capability for analysis with minimal sample damage

Trace Element Analysis in liquid and solid samples (organic and inorganic, including biological, geological, and environmental materials). High precision and accuracy, low detection limits, wide concentration range, and capability for simultaneous multi-element analysis. Pulsed laser (e.g., Nd:YAG laser) enables direct introduction of solid samples into plasma (high-energy laser beam interaction with solid material results in evaporation and removal of material as neutral atoms, molecules, and ions from the exposed surface). LA-ICP-MS system is used for analyzing various solid materials (conductive and non-conductive) of different sizes and shapes, where the laser beam with precise localization can be focused on very small sample surfaces, and vaporized particles are immediately analyzed. Time-of-Flight (TOF) analyzer allows simultaneous detection of all elements present in studied samples (including geological, environmental, forensic, and textile materials, as well as analysis and conservation of artworks). Capability for analysis with minimal sample damage.

Equipment: Gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS) Agilent 7890A/5975C, gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS) Agilent 6890N/5973, gas chromatograph with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) Agilent 6890N, high-performance liquid chromatograph with UV-VIS detector (HPLC-UV/VIS) Agilent 1100/1260, solid-phase extraction (SPE) kit Bruker, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) kit Supelco, Soxhlet extractor apparatus

Technical specifications: three-axis goniometer; IµS Incoatec Microfocus Source with Cu Kα radiation, 30 W power, ceramic tube with MonoCap beam collimator; Mo Kα radiation, 2.5 kW power; high-sensitivity APEX II CCD area detector; Oxford Cryosystems low-temperature attachment (temperature range: 80–375 K; temperature stability: ±0.1 K).

Technical specifications: four-axis (kappa) goniometer; Dualflex PhotonJet (2016) X-ray source (Cu, Mo); Dectris Pilatus3 R 300K area detector; Oxford Cryosystems low-temperature attachment (temperature range: 80–375 K; temperature stability: ±0.1 K).

The instrument enables the bombardment of a sample with short pulses of primary ions (e.g., Biⁿ⁺, Cs⁺, Ar⁺, Xe⁺), which results in the ejection of secondary ions of elements or molecules from the surface of the solid. Analysis of the mass-to-charge ratio of the emitted ions—atoms and molecular species—provides information on the chemical composition of layers as the bombarded surface is progressively sputtered. This is based on time-of-flight measurements between the sample surface and the charged-particle detector, since ions reach the detector at times strictly related to their mass. This enables the acquisition of secondary ion mass spectra with high mass resolution, as well as mapping of the spatial distribution of selected ions on the surface.

The system, based on a linear electron accelerator, enables the tracking of very fast chemical reactions with nanosecond time resolution, thereby providing kinetic and spectroscopic data that allow the elucidation of complex reaction mechanisms. In addition, the system is currently being expanded with a multi-angle light scattering detector, which will enable its application to real-time observation of processes such as polymerization, crosslinking, and nanostructure formation.

An ion mobility spectrometer (GC-IMS) — a so-called “electronic nose” (GasDortmund, Germany) — used for the identification of volatile compounds released from materials (VOCs, volatile organic compounds), enabling product authentication as well as the identification of processes occurring in materials, for example during processing, use, or degradation.

The available system for the fabrication of organic and hybrid electronic devices and electrical energy storage systems, based on solution-processing techniques (inkjet printing, spin coating, slot-die coating, zone casting, etc.) and precise thermal evaporation, is unique both nationally and within the Central and Eastern European region. Its significance is confirmed by the inclusion of the laboratory and the system in the Polish Research Infrastructure Map (PMIB, decision No. DIR/PMIB/2020/116), as well as by well-established international collaboration with leading research and industrial centers. The system of six hermetically sealed gloveboxes, integrated with a wide range of equipment for the deposition and characterization of semiconductor nanostructures, enables strict control of working conditions in an inert gas atmosphere. This allows for the fabrication of high-performance organic and hybrid electronic devices such as field-effect transistors, OLEDs, photovoltaic cells, photodiodes, sensors, and thin-film batteries (pouch cell and coin cell types). (1) System of four gloveboxes equipped with: a system for precise thermal evaporation of metallic and oxide layers under ultra-high vacuum; a system for precise thermal evaporation of organic layers under ultra-high vacuum; a zone-casting system for thin-film deposition; …

The platform integrates: (1) binding energetics (isothermal titration calorimeters: MICROCAL PEAQ-ITC Automated System and MICROCAL PEAQ-ITC Manual System, Malvern Instruments Ltd, UK); (2) phase transitions and stability (differential scanning calorimeters: DSC 111, DSC131 evo, and µSC, Setaram, France); (3) thermal decomposition (thermogravimetric analyzer labSys evo TG DTA DSC, Setaram, France); (4) assessment of matrix diffusion barriers (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectrometer EPR EMX Premium X, Bruker, Germany); (5) functional validation in biological systems (automated cell culture system coupled with fluorescence microscopy: CellASIC ONIX2 Microfluidic System, Merck Millipore; next-generation sequencing platform: Ion Torrent, Thermo Fisher Scientific; automated system for phenotypic characterization of microorganisms and mammalian cells with dedicated software: ODIN system, BIOLOG). Example applications: (i) parameterization of immobilization and controlled release kinetics of phytochemical fractions, and correlation with in vitro biological response; (ii) food bio-packaging: release kinetics of active compounds versus storage humidity and temperature; (iii) immobilized probiotics/enzymes: influence of matrix parameters on viability, activity, and phenotypic response; …

The SSM setup enables the measurement of the S-parameter matrix for any electronic device (DUT). The S-parameter matrix represents the transmission properties (S21/S12) and reflection characteristics (S11/S22) of the tested DUT when driven by a small-amplitude sinusoidal signal at any DC operating point. The setup is configured to measure the S-parameters of a semiconductor laser–optical fiber–photodiode system, i.e., during conversion of an electrical signal into an optical signal and back. The core of the setup is a Keysight vector network analyzer (VNA) with a bandwidth of up to 53 GHz. In addition, the setup includes a multimode telecommunications photodiode with a bandwidth of up to 31 GHz, a precision DC power supply, a bias-T, RF transmission lines, optical fibers, and a range of components enabling measurements in various configurations depending on specific requirements.

Research conducted in the field of Process Tomography focuses primarily on the application of tomographic techniques for process diagnostics. The work is carried out in the following areas: development of methodologies for conducting scientific experiments, measurement procedures, and analysis of raw measurement data (raw data); development and modification of algorithms for the reconstruction and analysis of three-dimensional images; processing and analysis of tomographic measurement data as well as reconstructed data; wireless transmission methods for diagnostic data in industrial production systems using raw measurement data; modification of commonly used image reconstruction algorithms to improve the quality and speed of obtained results; and intelligent techniques for diagnostics and control. Between 2006 and 2019, more than 15 projects were completed, including three international projects and two development-oriented projects. The outcomes of this research include eight completed doctoral dissertations and two habilitation theses. Laboratory staff are co-authors of a European patent developed in collaboration with the University of Bergen. The laboratory is equipped with two computing servers featuring graphics processing units (GPUs) with a total computational performance exceeding 30 TFLOPS.

The main component of the setup is a climatic chamber. The MKF 115 climatic chamber maintains temperature and, optionally, relative humidity at predefined levels, with the possibility of creating time-based programs. It is equipped with an inspection window, internal lighting, and a sealed access port allowing connections to be routed from the chamber to the outside. The system also provides continuous recording of temperature and relative humidity. It is used for testing materials and devices under controlled, constant, or variable environmental conditions. The setup also includes: IT6531C power supply with SAS1000 software, Hioki IM3536 RLC impedance analyzer with accessories, Hioki BT3554 battery tester, set of 12 lamps, Twintex power supplies: TP-6010, TP-3020, TP-60052. Technical specifications of the climatic chamber: temperature range: −40 °C to 180 °C without humidity control; 10 °C to 95 °C with humidity control. Relative humidity: 10% to 98%. Chamber volume: 115 L. Internal dimensions (W × H × D): 600 mm × 480 mm × 400 mm. Maximum load: 60 kg total, 30 kg per shelf.

An optical coherence tomography (OCT) system operating around 800 nm is an interferometric imaging modality that uses broadband, low-coherence light. Its key components include a light source, an interferometer, a scanning unit, a detector, and a computer. The system operates based on low-coherence interferometry, which enables the measurement of light reflection delays and the reconstruction of tissue structures with micrometer-scale resolution. This resolution is particularly valuable in dermatology and in imaging superficial structures. Hardware and functional components of the OCT HR 800 (Wasatch Photonics): (1) A broadband light source with a wavelength of approximately 800 nm (Superluminescent Diode – SLD); (2) An interferometer that splits the beam into a reference arm and a sample arm; (3) Reference arm (a highly stable reference mirror, precise adjustment of optical delay, and control of the returning signal power); (4) Sample arm (scanning optics based on galvanometers, illumination of the sample, and collection of reflected/scattered light); (5) Signal recombination (returning signals from both arms are combined in a splitter into an interference spectrum dependent on the depth structure of the sample; the light is directed to the spectrometer); (6) HR 800 spectrometer; (7) Data acquisition electronics (data buffering and transfer to the computer); …

A chamber for testing thermal resistance and the average heat transfer coefficient of building envelope components. A versatile apparatus for examining construction elements. The test chamber consists of a “cold” section and a “hot” section. Owing to its large dimensions, it enables testing of entire walls, doors, windows, etc., both for research purposes and quality control. Test area: 150 × 250 cm. Measurement range of thermal resistance R: 0.3–10.0 (m²·K)/W. The chamber is equipped with a software suite for process control, data archiving, and test result analysis. Optionally, measurements can be carried out using the ALMEMO system with heat flux density sensors.

Research test rig for full-scale elements, enabling flexible configuration of loading conditions depending on the size of the specimens, combined with unique equipment for strain measurements, including ARAMIS optical system measurements and fiber-optic sensing measurements.

The integration of the research space with the available instrumentation constitutes a unique experimental facility with a broad functional scope, both in terms of the research process and the capability for precise, real-time, and non-contact displacement analysis. An integral part of the infrastructure is advanced equipment for measuring strains and displacements, including the GOM Aramis digital image correlation system and measurement systems based on fiber optic technology. The use of two complementary methods—full-field surface observation (GOM Aramis) and line-based measurements with flexible configuration (fiber optics)—enables the acquisition of detailed data necessary for advanced analysis of structural behavior. A key advantage of the facility is the ability to conduct tests on full-scale elements with a freely designed sensor layout. Fiber optic technology allows for flexible placement of measurement points and continuous strain monitoring along the entire length of the fiber, in contrast to traditional mechanical or electronic sensors, which provide measurements only at discrete locations. This approach ensures a far more comprehensive and representative description of the deformation state of the tested element. …

This is an equipment database integrated into the TORE research information system. This system offers advantages for internal and external stakeholders, facilitates the use of specialised equipment and promotes the visibility of Hamburg University of Technology as a research-intensive institution. The Technical University uses the equipment database to map its large-scale equipment for research and innovative applications. These include many others: - Electron microskopes for high-resolution material analyses in the electron microscopy operating unit, - Logistics robots used in automation and process optimisation, - Mass spectrometers with substance class libraries of the Central Laboratory for chemical analyses, - The Institute of Fluid Dynamics and Ship Theory uses the wind tunnel for flow analyses and aerodynamic tests.

How to request access: Additional information on how to use the database: https://www.tub.tuhh.de/en/2025/02/17/geraetedatenbank-tu-hamburg/ . If a partner is interested in using a specific piece of equipment, they are kindly asked to send an email to forschungsmanagement@tuhh.de including: • the equipment number, • the type of research or testing requested, and • the preferred timeframe, if already known.

All research infrastructures and services listed in the linked catalogue are open to ECIU researchers under the same conditions as local staff.

All research infrastructures and services listed in the linked catalogue are open to ECIU researchers under the same conditions as local staff.

All research infrastructures and services listed in the linked catalogue are open to ECIU researchers under the same conditions as local staff.

3D laser scanners and software suite to realize digital twin of a building

Ultrashort laser micromachining station with a streak camera for real time ultra-fast imaging of the process

4T and 7T IRM for research in guided surgery and robotic

It consists of a set of platforms dedicated to the characterization of fluids, heat transfer, and energy conversion under severe conditions (high temperature, high speed, and/or small dimensions).

The "Crash materials and structures" platform is dedicated to identifying high strain rate mechanical properties at the material scale and verifying crash performance at the structure scale.

The platform is dedicated to the exploration and morphological analysis of surfaces, from decimetric to nanometric scales

The GYROVIA track is designed to safely simulate traffic scenarios in urban environments, to present and promote connected, automated or autonomous vehicles.

The structural testing platform enables the full-scale testing of structural elements from the building and civil engineering sectors, as well as assemblies, under static, cyclic or dynamic loading conditions. The facility comprises a test slab (steel mesh), jacks with a capacity of up to 1,500 kN, a 300 kN press, and a 100 kN overhead crane.

Immersia is an L-shaped immersive virtual reality room measuring 9.60 metres in length, 3.10 metres high and 2.95 metres deep, equipped with 11 projectors, a glass screen covering the entire length of the room onto which stereoscopic images are projected, a tracking system that allows physical objects to be inserted, and a sound processing system. Sound effects can be played through a speaker system or transmitted to a headset that delivers 5.1 surround sound tailored to the user’s position. The Immersia platform is funded under the State-Region Project Contract (CPER) by Inria and the State, member institutions, the Regional Council of Brittany, the General Council of Ille-et-Vilaine and Rennes Métropole.

This is a microscopy platform bringing together complementary technical and scientific expertise in materials characterization down to the atomic scale (atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy). The platform provides access to high-performance atomic force microscopes and electron microscopes, as well as sample preparation techniques using focused ion beams. More specifically, the platform enables structural, microstructural, and chemical analyses of materials using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and/or focused ion beam techniques, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The platform is hosted by the GPM Laboratory, a world leader in the development and application of atomic force microscopy in materials science. The suite of instruments available on the platform is unique in France

This is a compact, high-performance X-ray CT (Computed Tomography) scanner manufactured by RX Solutions, featuring an X-ray source capable of up to 150 kV. It enables high-resolution non-destructive 3D imaging (up to ~2–5 µm/voxel depending on configuration) of small to medium-sized parts (typical scan volume: Ø ~180 mm × H 380 mm). It is used in particular for real-time, 3D monitoring of internal material degradation under extreme stresses (such as a temperature gradient or mechanical bending load during in situ X-ray tomography). It provides real-time 2D fluoroscopy and precise 3D tomographic reconstruction to analyze porosity, cracks, delamination, or microstructural changes. Using an in-situ heating system ( > 500 °C), it enables 4D (3D + time) monitoring of the propagation of internal damage induced during fire tests in polymer matrix composites, which is a highly unusual and innovative approach to understanding the failure mechanisms of composites subjected to severe thermal stress.

This test bench is an experimental platform developed to study the fire resistance of composite materials, particularly in the aerospace industry. It combines a kerosene burner (simulating real-fire conditions typical of an aircraft engine fire) with a mechanical testing machine. This allows samples to be subjected to intense thermal (heat flux of 120 kW/m² and flame temperature of 1150°C) and mechanical stresses simultaneously, replicating on a laboratory scale the extreme stresses experienced by aircraft engine nacelles. It is equipped with digital image correlation and infrared camera techniques to observe the evolution of the strain field, mechanical behavior under fire, and temperature distribution as a function of exposure time to the flame. It is used to optimize composite materials intended for aerospace applications in an aircraft engine environment. Its unique feature lies in the unprecedented combination, on a single test bench, of a high-heat-input kerosene burner and coupled mechanical loading (tension, bending, etc.), which is rare at the laboratory scale and allows for a highly accurate reproduction of real-world fire conditions within an aircraft engine environment.

The FTICR 18‑teslas mass spectrometer in Rouen is one of the most powerful Fourier‑Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance instruments available worldwide, offering exceptional mass resolution for the analysis of highly complex molecular mixtures. Hosted at Institut CARMeN, it supports both academic and industrial research by providing unparalleled analytical performances. This flagship instrument is integrated into Infranalytics, a French national research infrastructure dedicated to advanced molecular characterization. Bringing together cutting‑edge high field FTICR‑MS, NMR, and EPR instruments, Infranalytics enables multidisciplinary studies across chemistry, environmental science, health, and materials. Through this partnership, the Rouen FTICR 18 teslas instrument contributes to a nationwide effort to push the frontiers of analytical chemistry science.

Technology to organic synthesis in large reactors: miniaturised continuous flow reactors. Where conventional production requires very large installations, flow synthesis uses a production tool with the size of household appliances. Institut CARMeN is the only academic French laboratory equipped with a pilot CorningTM G1 Flow Reactor able to deliver multi-kg chemicals. This device is used for both academic research and industrial collaborations.

Dedicated to the study of vibration fatigue phenomena for performance improvement. The 3DED machine, for 3D Electro Dynamics, enables vibration environment testing from 5 to 2000 Hz for mechanical systems weighing up to 300 kg. Only a few research laboratories (2-3) in Europe hosts such a scientific equipment. It consists of three 35 kN electrodynamic actuators. The 3DED reproduces complex vibrational movements in three directions, with varying degrees of coupling between the axes. Excitations can be acceleration, velocity, or displacement, sinusoidal or random, using power spectral densities or replication of a real signal. The 3DED allows for more accurate reproduction of real-world environments to evaluate complex systems and industrial components under realistic multiaxial stresses, without requiring assembly/disassembly along the axis to be tested, which could compromise test reproducibility

Techniques: Biological research support infrastructure (in vivo/in vitro systems).

Equipment: Individually ventilated cage (IVC) systems; Animal housing racks; Surgical and procedure stations; Cryostorage systems (liquid nitrogen freezers); Environmental monitoring systems.

Techniques: Micro/Nanoscale Fabrication – Microfluidics, lab-on-chip devices. 3D Printing & Additive Manufacturing – Prototype to functional parts.

Equipment: Photolithography systems; Cleanroom fabrication tools; Spin coaters; Plasma etchers; Microfabrication deposition systems; 3D printers (polymer/bioprinting systems); Additive manufacturing platforms.

Techniques: Surface Analysis – Topography, wettability, mechanics. Particle Analysis – Size, zeta potential, concentration. Spectroscopy & Chromatography – Chemical/structural analysis.

Equipment: Surface profilometers; Atomic force microscopy (AFM) systems (typical for topography); Contact angle goniometers; Dynamic light scattering (DLS) instruments; Zeta potential analysers; UV-Vis spectrometers; FTIR spectrometers; HPLC systems; Gas chromatography (GC) systems.

Techniques: Automated high-content cellular and biochemical screening.

Equipment: Robotic liquid handling systems; Acoustic liquid dispensers; High-content imaging systems (e.g. spinning disk imaging platforms); Automated plate readers; Flow cytometry sorters for screening workflows.

Techniques: Cell Culture – Mammalian cell growth and cytotoxicity. Histology – Tissue processing and analysis. Molecular Biology – Genomics, assays, molecular workflows.

Equipment: Biosafety cabinets (Class II); CO₂ incubators; Automated tissue processors; Microtomes/cryostats; PCR systems (qPCR/thermal cyclers); DNA/RNA extraction systems.

Techniques: Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging – Widefield → super-resolution imaging. Flow Cytometry – Cell analysis, sorting, biomarker detection. Electron Microscopy – High-resolution nanoscale imaging.

Equipment: Confocal microscopy systems; Widefield fluorescence microscopes; Super-resolution microscopy platforms; Flow cytometers; Cell sorting cytometers; Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM); Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM).